BLOOD GROUP
Discovery of blood groups by the Austrian scientists Karl
Landsteiner in 1901. He was honored with Noble Prize i 1930 for this discovery.
The blood group is decided by specific antigen or agglutinogen present on
membrane of RBC antibody or a agglutinin present in plasma.
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
Determination of ABO blood groups depends upon the immunoglobulin
reaction between antigen and antibody. Landsteiner found 2 antigens on the
surface of RBC.
1. A antigen
2. B antigen
2. B antigen
LANDSTEINER LAW
1. If a particular agglutinogen is present in the RBC
corresponding agglutinin must be absent in the serum.
2. If a particular agglutinogen
is absent in the RBC the corresponding agglutinin must be present in the serum.
BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS
More than 20 genetically determined blood group systems
are know today But Landsteiner discovered 2 blood
group system called the ABO System and the Rh system.
ABO SYSTEM
1. 'A' group
2. 'B' group
3. 'AB' group
4. 'O' group
DETERMINATION OF ABO GROUP
Determination of the ABO is also called blood grouping blood
typing or blood matching.
BLOOD TYPING AGGLUTINATION
blood typing is done on the basis of agglutination. Agglutination
means the collection of separate particles like RBC into clumps or masses.
Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody
which is called isoagglutinin. Agglutination occurs when A antigen is
mixed with anti A or when B antigen is mixed with anti B.
To determine the blood group of
a person a suspension of his RBC and testing antisera are required. Suspension
of RBC is prepared by mixing blood drops with isotonic saline(0.9%).
Test sera are
1. Antiserum A containing anti A or alpha antibody
2. Antiserum B containing anti
B or Beta antibody.
PROCEDURE
1. One drop of antiserum A is placed on one end of a glass slide
and one drop of antiserum B on the other end.
2. One drop of RBC suspension is mixed with each antiserum.
The slide is slightly rocked for 2 minutes. The presence or absence of
agglutination is observed by naked eyes and if necessary is confirmed by clear
mixture with dispersed RBCs.
RESULTS
IMPORTANCE OF ABO GROUPS IN BLOOD TRANSFUSION
During blood transfusion only compatible blood must be used. The
one who gives blood is called the DONOR and the one who receives the blood is
called RECIPIENT. While transfusing the blood antigen of the donor and the
antibody of the recipient are considered.
O Blood group are UNIVERSAL DONORS
AB Blood group are
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS
Rh FACTOR
Rh factor is an antigen present
in RBC. This antigen was discovered by Landsteiner and Wiener. It was first
discovered in Rhesus monkey and hence the name Rh factor. There are many Rh
antigens but only the D antigen is more antigenic in human. The persons having
D antigen are called Rh positive and those without D antigen are called Rh
negative.
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