PHARMACY
AND DRUG REACTIONS
INTRODUCTION
Pharmacy is a branch of medical science which deals with drugs used for treatment of various diseases.Drugs are Plant,
Animal or chemical origin and are used to destroy bacteria,parasite, virus and fungus inside the body.
However
drugs which destroy the disease producing organism may give rise to allergic or
other systemic reaction which may be life threatening. In this lesson you will
learn about different types of drugs and their doses.
PHARMACY
The source of pharmaceutical medicines are many like animals, plants,minerals etc. The medicine in allopathic are mostly used in refined form ater separating the active ingredients by chemical process
The source of pharmaceutical medicines are many like animals, plants,minerals etc. The medicine in allopathic are mostly used in refined form ater separating the active ingredients by chemical process
Pharmacology is a subject that deals with drugs used for difterent diseases and their actions on different parts of the body. Different types of drugs are used for different purposes, for example to reduce fe er, headache, joint pain etc.
Drugs are given indifferent forms
2) Capsule Ampicillin Caps.
3) Liquids Cough syrup, Tonics
4) Inhalation Nasal inhaler for asthma
5) Injection Injection Vitamin B-complex.
6) Ointment Soframycin Ointment
7) Drops Nasal drops, Eye drops
8) Adhesive strips e.g. Glycerine trinitrite strips
9) Suppositories e.gDulcolax suppositories, glycerine suppositories.
10) Powders Antifungul powder in fungus intection.
Drugs are used indifferent doses:
1)Once daily OD
3) Liquids Cough syrup, Tonics
4) Inhalation Nasal inhaler for asthma
5) Injection Injection Vitamin B-complex.
6) Ointment Soframycin Ointment
7) Drops Nasal drops, Eye drops
8) Adhesive strips e.g. Glycerine trinitrite strips
9) Suppositories e.gDulcolax suppositories, glycerine suppositories.
10) Powders Antifungul powder in fungus intection.
Drugs are used indifferent doses:
1)Once daily OD
2) Twice daily BD
3) Three times daily - TD
4) Four times daily (Q.1D.)
5) At night only HS
6) As and when'required (S.O.S.)
3) Three times daily - TD
4) Four times daily (Q.1D.)
5) At night only HS
6) As and when'required (S.O.S.)
All
doses of drugs depend on the weight of the patient. Child dose is mucth less than
adult. Such drugs cannot drugs
be used for children like Aspirin or sleep Child
dose is determined by
Clerks' rule
child dose-adult dose X child weight in kg
Clerks' rule
70
Dose means the amount of drugs which will be effective to reduce or eliminate the disease. Effective dose of drugs depends on certain conditions
1) Age, Sex, Pregnancy, Race, Diet
Dose means the amount of drugs which will be effective to reduce or eliminate the disease. Effective dose of drugs depends on certain conditions
2) Presence of certain diseases like liver diseases, kidney diseases, gastric, ulcer etc
3)Weight of individual
Now you
should know about certain basic drugs which are normally used by health worker
1)Analgesic - Drug which reduces pain e.g. paracetamol, aspirin
2) Antipyretic -Drug which reduces fever e.g.Paracetamol
3) Antiamoeabic -Drug which is used in amoebic Dysentry e.g. Metronidazole
4) Expectorant -Syrup which reduces cough e.g. any cough syrup
5) AcuteRespiratory Infection e.g. Cotrimoxazole syrup, tabs.
6) AcuteDiarrhoraial Infection e.g. Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS)
7) Anti Malaria e.g. Chloroquin tabs. and syrup
8) Antiallergic e.g. Avil tabs and syrup Cetrizine tabs.
9) Antiseptic e.g.Savlon, Dettol
10) Disinfectant e.g. Phenyl, Cresol
11) Antihelmentics e.g. Drugs used for worm Infestation
ANTISEPTICS
AND DISINFECTANT
Antiseptic is a substance that prevents the growth of bacteria whereas disinfectant is a substance that destroys bacteria in the environment.
Antiseptic is a substance that prevents the growth of bacteria whereas disinfectant is a substance that destroys bacteria in the environment.
Antiseptic
when applied to the skin prevents the growth of bacteria e.g. alcohol,dettol,
savlon etc.
Disinfectant when poured over infected material destroys
bacteria. Thus cresol or phenol is added to sputum of positive tuberculosis patients or stool of cholera patients. The disinfectants are corrosive in nature and cannot be applied to the
living tissue.
Disinfectant when poured over infected material destroys
bacteria. Thus cresol or phenol is added to sputum of positive tuberculosis patients or stool of cholera patients. The disinfectants are corrosive in nature and cannot be applied to the
living tissue.
Sterilization
is a process by which a bacteria and its spores are destroyed When a
bacteria is put in an adverse circumstances, it covers itself with a
tough coating which cannot be destroyed by heat
or acids or alkalies.
This is called spores Disinfectant can be natural like sunlight. The ultra-violet rays in sunlight destroy bacteria, viruses but spores cannot be destroyed by'sunlight.
2) BOILING OR STEAMING
Boiling in water for 20 minutes destroys most of the bacteria but not the spores. Most of the surgical instruments scissors, knife, Injection,syringes are sterilized in this way.
The same sterilization can be done by pressure cooker. At the bottom of the pressure cooker, a separator or a stainless plate is kept, so that instruments do not come in contact with direct heat.
3) Steam under pressure is the best form of sterilization. At home it can be obtained from a pressure cooker steam under 5lb pressure for 20 minutes is sufficient to kill bacteria and its spores. As the pressure cooker has very limitedThis is called spores Disinfectant can be natural like sunlight. The ultra-violet rays in sunlight destroy bacteria, viruses but spores cannot be destroyed by'sunlight.
2) BOILING OR STEAMING
Boiling in water for 20 minutes destroys most of the bacteria but not the spores. Most of the surgical instruments scissors, knife, Injection,syringes are sterilized in this way.
The same sterilization can be done by pressure cooker. At the bottom of the pressure cooker, a separator or a stainless plate is kept, so that instruments do not come in contact with direct heat.
capacity, a special appliance Autoclave is used. Autoclave beng large in size so that in addition to instruments, linens. gowns, gloves,towels used in
operation can be sterilized.
DRUG
REACTION
Drugs are important weapons to combat diseases which shorten human longevity.
However most of the drugs can produce reactions in human beings as for example Penicillin and Ampicillin. For this purpose drugs should be used more cautiously and only by people who have complete knowledge of composition, doses
and adverse reactions.
They may provide thorough knowledge and procedurs to control drug reaction before it is becoming life threatening:;
A very simple drug like paracetamol or Nimuslide give rise to some reactions. So the rules and instructions what to use must be followed by competent person who can use drugs as per law, otherwise it is a punishable offence
Types of Drug Reaction
1.ImmediateReaction
2.Delayed Reaction
Reaction may be of three types
1.Local reaction and generalized reaction like skin rashes intense itching, e.g. Sulfa drug reaction, voveron reaction
2.Systemic reaction - Immediate and ife threatening as for example penicillin reaction.
3.Systemic delayed reaction as for example;
(i)Enteroquinol Retinal atrophy and permanent damage ieading to blindness.
(ii) Chloroquin Break down of blood. Primaquin also causing haemolysis
List of common drugs that cause reaction.
(i)Paracetamol -none, in some cases the patient feel restlessness and urticaria.
(ii) Nimuslide -should not be used in children below 6 year. Use with caution below 10 years causing liver damage.
(iii) Voveron tablet- urticaria restlessness, itching.
(iv) Sulfa Drugs -Septran
(v) Penicillin group of drugs
(vi) Ampicillin, Amoxycillin Capsule, Injections
They may provide thorough knowledge and procedurs to control drug reaction before it is becoming life threatening:;
A very simple drug like paracetamol or Nimuslide give rise to some reactions. So the rules and instructions what to use must be followed by competent person who can use drugs as per law, otherwise it is a punishable offence
Types of Drug Reaction
1.ImmediateReaction
2.Delayed Reaction
Reaction may be of three types
1.Local reaction and generalized reaction like skin rashes intense itching, e.g. Sulfa drug reaction, voveron reaction
2.Systemic reaction - Immediate and ife threatening as for example penicillin reaction.
3.Systemic delayed reaction as for example;
(i)Enteroquinol Retinal atrophy and permanent damage ieading to blindness.
(ii) Chloroquin Break down of blood. Primaquin also causing haemolysis
List of common drugs that cause reaction.
(i)Paracetamol -none, in some cases the patient feel restlessness and urticaria.
(ii) Nimuslide -should not be used in children below 6 year. Use with caution below 10 years causing liver damage.
(iii) Voveron tablet- urticaria restlessness, itching.
(iv) Sulfa Drugs -Septran
(v) Penicillin group of drugs
(vi) Ampicillin, Amoxycillin Capsule, Injections
immediate
systemic reactions are called Anaphylactic reaction. Such reaction are characterised
by restlessness, difficulty in respiration, shivering,coid and clammy
skin, quick and weak pulse and fall of blood pressure and unconsciousness.
It's a life threatening emergency and patient should be sent immediately to hospital.
In all cases of drug reactions health worker should give
1. Adult Avil (25mg) tab immediately.
2.Children Avil (10mg) V2 tab/ce trizine 2 tab immediately
3.Children below 10 yrs 10mg avil - 2 tab.
Up to 5 yrs 10mg cetrizine - 1/2 tab.
4.Children below 6 yrs. 10mg avil - 1/4 tab.
Up to 6 yrs 10 mg cetrizine 1/4 tab.
and send, thepatient to hospital immediately
In all cases of drug reactions health worker should give
1. Adult Avil (25mg) tab immediately.
2.Children Avil (10mg) V2 tab/ce trizine 2 tab immediately
3.Children below 10 yrs 10mg avil - 2 tab.
Up to 5 yrs 10mg cetrizine - 1/2 tab.
4.Children below 6 yrs. 10mg avil - 1/4 tab.
Up to 6 yrs 10 mg cetrizine 1/4 tab.
and send, thepatient to hospital immediately
LIST OF
DRUGS/DRESSING
1.Tab
Paracetab. 500 mg.
2.ORS
(WHO formula) NaCitrate Composition.
3.
Syr. Cotrimoxazole.
4.Tab
Iron&Folic Acid (50 mg Iron) + 0.5 mg Folic Acid)
5.Tab
Chloroquine Phosphate.
6.Tab
Piperizine Citrate
7.SulphacetamideEye drops (20%)
8. Gauze
9. Bandage
10. Cotton
11. Soap
12. Gentian violet
13. Disposable Delivery Kit.
14. Scissors
15. Thermometer.
7.SulphacetamideEye drops (20%)
8. Gauze
9. Bandage
10. Cotton
11. Soap
12. Gentian violet
13. Disposable Delivery Kit.
14. Scissors
15. Thermometer.
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