BLOOD

                BLOOD

It is a liquid connective tissue which circulates in closed vascular system through out the body which supply nutrition oxygen to the tissue and also remove the metabolic

waste products.

Definition

It may be defined a special connective tissue in which there is a liquid part which is know as plasma and formed elements R. B.Cs. W.B.C. , platelets which are present in plasma.

 PLATELETS

Introduction

PLATELET UNDER ELECTRON MICROSCOPE      

Platelets or thrombocytes are the formed of blood. Platelets are small colorless non nucleated and moderately refractive bodies.

FUNCTIONS OF PLATELETS

1. ROLE IN BLOOD CLOTING

2. ROLE IN CLOT RETRACTION

3. ROLE IN PREVENTION OF BLOOD LOSS

4. ROLE IN REPAIR OF RUPTURED BLOOD VESSEL

5. ROLE IN DEFENSE MESCHANISM

 PROPERTIES OF PLASMA BLOOD

1. color

2. Volume  5 L

3. pH    7.4

4. Specific gravity

5. Viscosity

BLOOD CELLS

1. RED BLOOD CELLS OR ERYTHROCYTE

2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS OR LEUKOCYTES

3. PLATELETS OR THROMOCYTES

PLASMA

Plasma is a straw colored clear liquid part of blood.  It contains 91%-92% of water

and 8%-9% of solids. 

SERUM

Serum is the clear straw colored clear liquid fluid that oozes from blood clot.  When the blood is shed or collected in a container it clots. In fibrinogen is converted into fibrin and blood cells are trapped in this fibrin forming the blood clot. After about 45 minutes serum oozes out of the blood clot.

SERUM  = PLASMA - FIBRINOGEN

 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

1. NUTRITIVE FUNCTION

2. RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

3. EXCRETORY FUNCTION

4. TRANSPORT OF MORMONES AND ENZYMES

5. REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE

6. REGULATION OF ACID BASE BALANCE

7. REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

8. STORAGE FUNCTION

9. DEFENSIVE FUNCTION

PLASMA PROTEINS

Plasma proteins are

1. Serum albumin

2. Serum globulin

3. Fibrinogen

NORMAL VALUE OF THE PLASMA

PROTEINS

1. Total proteins     :  7.3g/dL
2. Serum albumin   :  4.7g/dL
3. Serum globulin   :  2.3g/dL
4. Fibrinogen           :  0.3g/dL

 SEPARATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS

METHODS

1. PRECIPITATION METHOD

2. SALTING OUT METHOD

3. ELECTROPHORESIS METHOD

4. COHNS FRACTIONAL PRECIPITATION METHOD

5. ULTRACENTRIFUGATION METHOD

6.GEL FILTRATION CHROMATOGRAPHY

7. IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC METHOD

FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS

1. ROLE IN COAGULATION OF BLOOD

2. ROLE IN DEFENCE MECHANISM OF BODY

3. ROLE IN TRANSPORT MECHANISM

4. ROLE IN MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN BLOOD

5. ROLE IN REGULATION OF ACID BASE BALANCE

6. ROLE IN VISCOSITY OF BLOOD

7. ROLE IN ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE

8. ROLE IN SUSPENSION STABILITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS

9. ROLE IN PRODUCTION OF TREPHONE SUBSTANCES

10. ROLE AS RESERVE PROTEINS

RED BLOOD CELLS

Red blood cells are the non nucleated formed elements in the blood.  Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes.  Red colour of the red blood cells is due to the presence of the coloring pigment called hemoglobin.

NORMAL VALUE

RBC count ranges between 4 and 5.5 million/cu mm of blood. In adult males, it is 5 million/cu mm and in adult females it is 4.5 million/ cu mm .

 NORMAL SHAPE

The RBC are disk shaped and biconcave central portion is thinner and periphery is thicker.  The biconcave contour of RBCs has some mechanical and functional advantages.

DIMENSION OF RBC

ROULEAU FPRMATION

PROPERTIES OF RED BLOOD CELLS

1. ROULEAUX FORMATION

2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

3. PACKED CELL VOLUME

4. SUSPENSION STABILITY

 FUNCTIONS OF RED BLOOD CELLS

1.           Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue

 2. Transport of the carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

3. Buffering action in blood

4. In blood group Determination

FATE OF RBC

VARIATIONS IN NUMBER OF RED BLOOD CELLS

A. Increase in RBC count

1. Age

2. Sex

3. High altitude

4. Muscular exercise

5. Emotional conditions

6. Increased environmental temperature

7. After meals

B. Decrease in RBC count

1. High barometric pressures

2. During sleep

3. Pregnancy

PHYSIOLOGICAL POLYCYTHEMIA  IN HIGH 

PHYSIOLOGICAL POLYCYTHEMIA IN EMOTIONAL CONDITIONS EXERCISE

It is a process of origin or formation of erythrocytes. It starts in the third week of intra uterine life and remains continues as long as the person is alive.

Definition

Erythropoiesis is the process of the origin development and maturation of erythrocytes. Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis is the process of origin development and maturation of all the blood cells.

SITE OF ERYTHROPOISIS

IN FETAL LIFE

In fetal life the erythropoiesis occurs in 3 stages

1. Mesoblastic stage

During the firt 2 months of intrauterine life the RBCs are produced from mesenchyme of yolk sac.

 2.Hepatic stage

From third month of intrauterine life liver is the main organ that produces RBCs. Spleen and lymphoid organs are also involved in erythropoiesis.

3. Myeloid stage

During the last 3 months of intrauterine life the RBCs are produced from red bone marrow and liver.

STAGES OF ERYTHROPOIESIS

1. Proerythroblast

2. Early Normoblast

3. Intermediate Normoblast

4. Late Normoblast

5. Reticulocyte

6. Matured Erythrocyte

GENERAL FACTORS

1. Erythropoietin

Most important general factor for erythropoiesis is the hormone called eruthropoietin . It is also called hemopoitin or erythrocyte stimulating  factor.

Hypoxia is the stimulant for the secretion of erythropoietin.

2. Throxine

Being a general metabolic hormone thyroxine accelerates the process of erythropoiesis at many levels. So hyperthyroidism and polycythemia are common.

 3. Hemopoietic growth factors

Hemopoietic growth factors or growth inducers are the interleukins and stem cell factor . Generally these factors induce the proliferetion of PHSCs. Interleukins are glycoproteins, which belong to the cytokines family.

4. Vitamins

Some vitamins are also necessary for the process of erythropoiesis. Deficiency of these vitamins cause anemia associated with other disorders.

Vitamins necessary for erythropoisis

A. Vitamin B

B. Vitamin C

C. Vitamin D

D. Vitamin E

MATURATION FACTORS

1. Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 is called extrinsic factor since it is obtained mostly from diet. Vitamins B12 is stored mostly in liver and in small quantity in muscle.

2. Intrinsic Factor of Castle

Intrinsic factor of castle is produced in gastric mucosa by the parietal cells of the gastric gland.

 3. Folic acid

Folic acid os also essential for maturation. It is required for the synthesis of DNA.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Definition

WBC are pigmented cells of short life span which are extra vascular in origin. These are rich in nucleoprotein and also contain cholesterol and glycogen.

Classification

DIFFERENT WHITE BLOOD CELLS

1. NEUTROPHILS

Neutrophils which are also known as polymorphs have fine or small granules in the cytoplasm.  The granules take acidic and basic stains.
When stained with LEISHMANS STAIN the  granules appears violet in color.

2. EOSINOPHILS

Eosinophils have coarse granules in the cytoplasm which stain pink or red with eosin.

3. BASOPHILS 

Basophiles also have coarse granules in the cytoplasm. The granules stain purple blue with methylene blue.

4. MONOCYTES

Monocytes are the largest leukocytes with  diameter 14 to 18 . The cytoplasm is clear without granules.  Nucleus is round oval and horseshoe shaped bean shaped or kidney shaped.

 5. LYMPHOCYTES

Like monocytes the lymphocytes also do not have granules in the cytoplasm.

VARIATIONS IN WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT

1. Leukocytosis

2. Leukopenia

3. Granulocytosis

4. Granulocytopenia

5. Agranulocytosis

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Milan Tomic

Hi. I’m Designer of Blog Magic. I’m CEO/Founder of ThemeXpose. I’m Creative Art Director, Web Designer, UI/UX Designer, Interaction Designer, Industrial Designer, Web Developer, Business Enthusiast, StartUp Enthusiast, Speaker, Writer and Photographer. Inspired to make things looks better.

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